Earth Doctor (Jewed Maka) is the primordial creator of Akimel O'odham cosmology, who emerges alone from the original darkness before earth or sky exist. Rubbing the substance of his own breast into a small ball, he fashions the earth, then the sky, sun, moon, and stars, and the first generation of living things. In the flood narratives he is one of three beings, alongside Elder Brother and Coyote, to survive the deluge sealed within a vessel of his own making; disputes over who first emerges from the receding waters establish the seniority that orders the later world. Sources differ on his relationship to Elder Brother, some tellings making the younger god his creation and others an independent rival, and in several versions Earth Doctor, angered by human wickedness, withdraws into the earth and calls up the flood himself. His mythology was recorded chiefly by Frank Russell and, from the Smith-Allison telling, by Donald Bahr.