Aktunowihio (Áhk tun o wihio), the 'Wise One Below', is the great subterranean power of Cheyenne religion, dwelling within the earth as the complement of Heammawihio, the 'Wise One Above'. Early ethnographers including George Bird Grinnell, James Mooney, and George Dorsey recorded this vertical duality as the fundamental axis of Cheyenne cosmology: offerings and pipe ceremonies addressed the powers above and below before the four directions. The being below is associated with the earth's fertility, springs, and the roots of growing things.