Vulung, the Hundred-Pacer Ancestor-Snake
Vulung is the hundred-pacer viper (Deinagkistrodon acutus) revered by the Paiwan as their senior ancestor and guardian numen, and as the special patron of the aristocratic mamazangiljan lineages. In the widely told origin tradition, the sun deposits its eggs on the sacred Mount Kavulungan (Mount Dawu / Beidawu); from these the hundred-pacer and the first noble Paiwan ancestors hatch as siblings, making the snake and the chiefly houses literal kin. The viper's distinctive diamond or lozenge markings became the single most important motif of Paiwan visual culture: rows of rhombuses representing the snake's back adorn the carved house-posts (qeluz), lintels, headdresses and ceremonial garments of noble houses, and the right to display the motif was historically restricted to the aristocracy. The Paiwan hold that the souls of the dead return to Kavulungan to be reunited with the ancestral snake. Rather than an individuated anthropomorphic god, Vulung is best understood as a sacred ancestral being and lineage-numen, central to the snake-ancestor cult that underpins Paiwan social hierarchy.
Domains
- ancestral guardianship
- noble lineage patronage
Powers
- to guard the chiefly ancestral line as its senior forebear
- to receive the souls of the dead returning to the sacred mountain
Epithets
- vulung'Paiwan Hundred-Pacer Snake Belief', Taiwanese Gods (taiwanese-gods.org), Indigenous Beliefs section. (secondary)
Relations
- subordinate to: Naqemati, the CreatorThe ancestor-snake belongs to the created order over which Naqemati, the Creator, holds ultimate ownership.'Religious Beliefs in "Aboriginal Taiwan"', International Journal of Taiwan Studies 7, no. 1 (2024): 118ff., citing Tung (1984: 13-15). (secondary)
Sources
- Vulung, the hundred-pacer viper, is the sacred ancestral guardian of the Paiwan and the patron of the chiefly mamazangiljan families, whose diamond pattern is the central emblem of Paiwan noble art.: Joseph Watts, Oliver Sheehan, et al., 'Pulotu: Database of Austronesian Supernatural Beliefs and Practices', PLOS ONE 10, no. 9 (2015): e0136783 (Paiwan culture entry). (secondary); Hsiang-Wei Hsiao, 'Art-like Wealth: The Foundation of Paiwan Hierarchy' (PhD thesis, Durham University, 2019). (secondary); 'Paiwan Qeluz', Expedition Magazine (University of Pennsylvania Museum). (secondary)